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61


                                
  $+
4      %     *    
 #(  "&      K (	     7

                              x  &6    "0  6   " 
   *  2   #
                           l   &6  !	(!   ' /"	   %       6/    /      " x  (survivorship)
                                                              0
                           x
                          d  &6  *1    ' /  "  %     " x  (age-specific death rate)
                                                      0
                            x
                                  ("   d  x  = l x  − l
                                                      1 − x
                                                                       0
                          q  &6  !	(!      *1    ' /  "   6/  ")   %     " x
                            x
                                              d
                                  ("     q =    x
                                          x
                                               l x
                          1000q &6   	   
    "       %   %      6/ & ( ' "#
	#   % 
   +/ .
                                x

                          L  &6    "0   '0
 	 ' /  %      ( ")   %     " x
                                                                    0
                            x
                                              x +1
                                  ("     L x  = l  d
                                               ∫ y
                                                   y
                                               x
                                                      )
                                    !    H& (&           ' 
 ' 5( H   l   "   	
4      !   &

                                                                                  )

                                                                      7
                                                                             x
                   
    (%      ##' /   	   
    "       %          	   & ' / '  
	  ("   (
                                              l  + l
                                  ("     L  =  x   x  1 +
                                          x
                                                  2
                          T   &6  3         "0   '0
 	 ' /  %     ")    5   6/   "0H+  x
                            x
                                               ∞
                                  ("  T   x  =  ∑L
                                                  y
                                              y  =x
                          e   &6  &  & (&       ' /*   %     ")    6/   "0H+  x  (*  ") 5(   
    '  5 )
                            x
                                              T
                                  ("     e =   x
                                          x
                                               l x

                                                                                            !
                                                        X

                                                                                       ER
                        4.1.3  "	$	   	  EO    $=R:;I  "$	#	$ %	%2 F  F (Fertility
                                                                                        E
                   table and the net reproductive rate)
                                                           /



                                  
* 
     %    ' / 0     '*  !( 
    "      % 
      "	       %


                                                              0
                                                                                      +/


                     
 	
4    +/ '   
    
 )
       %    "    .$  "      % 
    
      %
                                   /

                          ' /   7" - "   !-   & #&0  &6       &    0( ! #   (fertility table)    *
                                                                              ,
                                                                                                 1
                                                                           )



                                                              6
                                                   0
                    '  	       % 
 '   
9    " "H	(5      	   
   " ". L0,!0'L  (net  reproductive
                                       /
                   rate of increase; R )
                                     0
                                
  $+
4      &    0( ! #      	   
  " ". L0,! 'L  *    
 #( "

                                                               ,

                                                            )
                   &      K (	     7

                           m  &6  *1     )
' /  %            .$   "  ("& ( 8  /"    .$   " (  )   +/
                            x
                          V  &6  *1     .$   "'	7   (' / 
 (  %    x
                            x
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